Fort Santiago in Intramuros: 500 years of history in Manila, Philippines
Updated: Apr 3
Fort Santiago is a citadel located in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It was built by the Spanish in 1571 and served as the headquarters of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. The fort was also used as a prison, and it is where José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, was imprisoned before his execution in 1896.
In this blog post, we will take you on a virtual tour of Fort Santiago delving into its incredible history, its interesting facts, all you need to know about visiting including entrance fee and opening times, plus information on our exclusive guide to visiting the Philippines.
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Our Fort Santiago highlights
We had started our exploration of Intramuros at San Agustin Church, along with visiting Casa Manila, which are directly opposite. A short walk from there is Manila Cathedral, and from there, Fort Santiago is just a ten minute walk. We were having a great time by this point, albeit it was raining, which made everything all a little gloomy. But nonetheless we really wanted to see Fort Santiago, so we braved the rain to get there, hungry to learn more about the history of one of the oldest areas in Manila.
The fort was deceptively quite unassuming at first, more like a large walled park flanked by old military structures riddled with bullet holes and fast becoming taken over by nature. The rain was light at this point, but enough to make us start thinking of getting back to our Airbnb. We knew the Fort Santiago Gate was the main attraction, and we were considering cutting the whole thing short.
We persevered however, as we wanted to learn more about what had happened here. That happens in the section of the fort on the other side of the moat, and through the famous Puerto Real Gate. Here we learned more about the shocking story of the fort's use during the war, the horrendous scale of abuses and atrocities committed against POW's during Japanese occupation. It was really tough to comprehend, but we really connected with the fort and Manila's history through being here.
Below, we have put together a list of the key areas within Fort Santiago, and a little bit about them.
⪢ Plaza Moriones
This scenic courtyard within Fort Santiago provides a tranquil setting for visitors to absorb the historical ambiance. Surrounded by the fort's robust walls and overlooked by watchtowers, Plaza Moriones serves as a testament to the enduring spirit of Fort Santiago, and Intramuros itself.
⪢ Rizal Shrine
At the heart of Fort Santiago lies the poignant Rizal Shrine, a dedicated space to commemorate the life and sacrifice of José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. This shrine houses an extensive collection of artifacts, manuscripts, and personal belongings of Rizal, offering visitors a profound glimpse into the intellectual and revolutionary spirit of a man who played a pivotal role in shaping the country's history.
Jose Rizal was a Filipino nationalist, intellectual, and revolutionary hero who played a crucial role in the Philippines' quest for independence during the late 19th century. Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, Rizal was a multifaceted individual—being a physician, poet, novelist, linguist, sculptor, and more.
Rizal's advocacy for reforms through peaceful means earned him the ire of the Spanish authorities. He was arrested, tried, and executed by firing squad on December 30, 1896, in Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park or Luneta) in Manila. His martyrdom fueled the flames of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule, which eventually led to the country's independence from Spain in 1898.
⪢ Military Structures
Fort Santiago's military structures, including its walls, bastions, and watchtowers, showcase the architectural prowess of the Spanish colonial period. These structures served not only as defences against external threats but also as symbols of power and authority.
⪢ Spanish Artillery
Scattered strategically around the fort, the Spanish cannons and artillery evoke a sense of military prowess from a bygone era. These artifacts stand as silent sentinels, bearing witness to the defensive measures undertaken during the Spanish colonial period. Their formidable presence offers a tangible connection to the fort's military past.
⪢ Puerta Real
Greeting visitors with grandeur, Puerta Real stands as the main entrance to Fort Santiago. The intricate Spanish colonial architecture of this imposing gate sets the tone for the historical richness within. As you pass through Puerta Real, you embark on a journey through time, stepping into a realm where the echoes of the past resonate with every stone.
⪢ Dungeons & Prison Cells
Journeying into the depths of Fort Santiago unveils a sombre chapter in Philippine history. The dungeons and prison cells within the fort bear witness to the struggles of political prisoners during the Spanish colonial period, and also during the Japanese occupation of Intramuros.
These confined spaces echo the stories of those who dared to resist, offering a stark reminder of the sacrifices made in the pursuit of freedom. Thousands were said to have died in the dungeons, in most cases from starvation, flooding, abuse and torture.
⪢ White Cross
600 decomposing corpses, victims of atrocities committed by the Japanese forces holding the fort during the Second World War, were discovered in the dungeons by liberation forces of the United States. They were buried en-masse under this white marble cross.
⪢ Interactive Exhibits
Adding a modern touch to the historical narrative, Fort Santiago incorporates interactive exhibits and displays. These multimedia experiences enhance the understanding of the fort's complex history. From audio-visual presentations to informative panels, these exhibits provide a dynamic and engaging way for visitors to delve into the layers of Fort Santiago's past.
⪢ Baluarte de San Miguel
Nestled within the fort's confines, Baluarte (balwark or defensive wall) de San Miguel stands as a triangular bastion adorned with lush gardens. Originally designed for military defense, this bastion now provides a picturesque escape. The well-maintained greenery and architectural remnants offer a serene contrast to the fort's military history, inviting visitors to appreciate the convergence of nature and history.
⪢ Well of Sta. Isabel
The Well of Sta. Isabel, also known as Pozo de Sta. Isabel, adds a touch of mystique to Fort Santiago. Believed to possess healing properties, this well has become a symbol of folklore. Visitors often engage in a tradition of tossing coins into the well, not only for good luck but also to connect with the centuries-old belief in the well's mystical aura.
⪢ Walk along the Walls
A stroll along the fort's walls is akin to a journey through history with panoramic views of Intramuros and beyond. These elevated pathways served as defensive perimeters during times of conflict. Today, they provide a unique vantage point for visitors to appreciate the architectural grandeur of Intramuros and the evolution of Manila's skyline.
The history of Fort Santiago
Fort Santiago has a rich and storied history that dates back to the Spanish colonial period.
The fort was originally built in 1571 by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi, who established the city of Manila. It served as a defensive fortress to protect the newly established city from invasions by foreign powers and local uprisings.
Throughout the centuries, Fort Santiago underwent several reconstructions and modifications. The structure that stands today was mostly built during the 18th century. The fort's design includes a moat, drawbridges, and thick walls, showcasing the military engineering of the Spanish colonial era.
Fort Santiago played a significant role during World War II when it served as a prison camp for American and Filipino prisoners of war under Japanese occupation. The site witnessed numerous atrocities and hardships during this period.
In 1950, after the war, the fort underwent restoration efforts to preserve its historical significance. Today, Fort Santiago stands as a popular tourist destination and historical landmark, offering visitors a glimpse into the Philippines' colonial past. The site features well-preserved structures as mentioned earlier, including the Baluarte de San Diego, the Plaza Moriones, and the Rizal Shrine, dedicated to the national hero, José Rizal, who was imprisoned there before his execution in 1896.
Fort Santiago serves as a reminder of the Philippines' complex history, from the Spanish colonial period to the struggles for independence and the impact of World War II. It stands as a symbol of resilience and historical heritage within the heart of Manila's old walled city.
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Ten interesting facts about Fort Santiago
1. Founder's Tribute: Fort Santiago was named in honor of Saint James, also known as Santiago Matamoros, the patron saint of Spain.
2. Original Construction Materials: The original fort was constructed using bamboo and nipa palm, which are traditional Filipino building materials. It was later reinforced with stone during the 16th century.
3. Iconic Entrance: Fort Santiago's main entrance is through the imposing Puerta Real, a grand gate that showcases intricate Spanish colonial architecture.
4. Rizal's Last Steps: The fort holds historical significance as the final footsteps of the national hero, José Rizal, were taken within its walls before his execution at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park) in 1896.
5. Jose Rizal Shrine: Within the fort is the Jose Rizal Shrine, a museum dedicated to the life and works of the Philippine national hero. It houses memorabilia and artifacts related to Rizal.
6. Spanish Dungeon: The fort served as a prison during the Spanish colonial period. Its dungeons and prison cells witnessed the incarceration of political prisoners and dissenters.
7. Japanese Occupation: During World War II, the Japanese Imperial Army used Fort Santiago as a prison camp for Allied soldiers. The site witnessed numerous human rights abuses and wartime atrocities.
8. Well of Sta. Isabel: A well inside the fort, known as the Well of Sta. Isabel, is believed to have healing properties. Visitors would throw coins into the well for good luck.
9. Baluarte de San Diego: This bastion within the fort is a triangular-shaped structure that served as an outer defense line. It now features a beautiful garden and is a picturesque spot for visitors.
10. Haunted History: Fort Santiago is often associated with ghost stories and paranormal activity. Some believe that the spirits of prisoners and victims from its tumultuous past still linger within its walls, adding an eerie dimension to its historical significance.
What is Intramuros?
Intramuros, meaning "within the walls" in Spanish, is a historic district situated at the heart of Manila, Philippines. Intramuros was founded by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi in 1571. It was built as a defensive fortress surrounded by massive stone walls and moats to protect the Spanish settlers from attacks by local indigenous groups and other foreign powers. The walls of Intramuros stood as a physical barrier between the Spanish elite and the outside world.
Intramuros emerged as the political, religious, and economic nucleus of Manila during the Spanish colonial era. The district's architecture showcases a blend of Spanish colonial and Asian influences, featuring elegant facades, intricate carvings, and cobblestone streets. The district was laid out in a grid pattern, typical of Spanish colonial town planning, with the central plaza, Plaza Mayor (now known as Plaza de Roma), serving as the focal point. Key structures like the Manila Cathedral and San Agustin Church underline its role as a religious and cultural hub.
Intramuros survived the seven year war between Spain and Britain in 1762 but suffered devastating destruction during World War II, facing extensive bombing by American forces after Japan had invaded and occupied the city. Much of the original architecture and structures were destroyed or damaged during this period, not just from the bombing, but also via the 'scorched earth' tactics of the retreating Japanese army. Intramuros was almost completely destroyed, and Manila was the 2nd most destroyed city of WW2, after Warsaw in Poland.
Since the end of the war, and after the declaration of Philippine independence from the U.S in 1946, efforts have been made to preserve and restore what remains of Intramuros' historical heritage. Despite much of the original city being lost, Intramuros is to this day a cherished location, attracting tourists eager to delve into the Philippines' colonial history. It offers a unique glimpse into the nation's past through museums, cultural sites, and landmarks. As a living tribute to the Philippines' history, Intramuros symbolizes the country's resilience and offers a tangible connection to its struggle for freedom from foreign powers.
Fort Santiago opening times
Fort Santiago is usually open to visitors from around 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM, Tuesday to Sunday. It's common in the Philippines for historical sites and museums to be closed on Mondays for maintenance and restoration work.
During holidays or special events, there might be variations in the opening hours, so it's advisable to check the Fort Santiago website for any updates or announcements.
Fort Santiago entrance fee
Entrance is 75 Philippine Pesos ($1.34 USD) per adult at time of writing (Feb 24).
Entrance for Children, Students, Faculty, Senior Citizens, and PWD's (person with disabilities) is 50 PHP (must present valid ID upon entry).
Children below 7 years old and government employees in uniform are exempt from the entrance fee.
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How to get to Fort Santiago
Fort Santiago is situated within the walled city of Intramuros, in the heart of Manila, making it a central and accessible location for both locals and tourists. There are a number of different transport options you can choose from when planning your trip.
⪢ By LRT (Light Rail Transit)
Take the LRT-1 (Line 1) and alight at Central Station or Carriedo Station. From there, you can either walk to Intramuros or take a short taxi ride to Fort Santiago.
⪢ By jeepney
Jeepneys are a popular mode of public transportation in the Philippines. Look for jeepneys with routes passing through or near Intramuros. Ask the driver or conductor if they can drop you off near Fort Santiago.
⪢ By taxi
You can take a taxi to the Fort Santiago. The taxi fare will depend on the distance from your starting point. You will be dropped off inside Intramuros at the main entrance.
⪢ By Kalesa (Horse-Drawn Carriage)
For a more unique experience, you can take a kalesa (horse-drawn carriage) from nearby areas like Rizal Park or Intramuros entrance. Agree on the fare before starting the journey to avoid scams.
Address: HXVC+M5V, Intramuros, Manila, 1002 Metro Manila, Philippines
Contact: +63 (02) 8527 3155
Opening hours: Fort Santiago is usually open to visitors from around 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM, Tuesday to Sunday.
Website: visitfortsantiago.com
Instagram: @intramurosph
Facebook: @OfficialIntramurosAdministration
Other places to visit in Intramuros
There are many places to check out in Intramuros, but here are a few within walking distance from Fort Santiago that we recommend you check out:
San Agustin Church
The San Agustin Church is a Baroque church located in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It is the oldest church in the Philippines and one of the four Baroque Churches of the Philippines inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is the only church that survived the near complete destruction of Intramuros in WW2.
Casa Manila
Casa Manila is a museum in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It is a replica of a Spanish colonial house from the 19th century. The house was built in 1980 by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and is now a museum that showcases the lifestyle of a wealthy Filipino family during the Spanish colonial period.
Manila Cathedral
The Manila Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, is a historic and significant minor basilica located within the ancient walled city of Intramuros in Manila, Philippines. It has been the site of significant religious events, including papal visits, canonizations, and large-scale liturgical celebrations.
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Our Fort Santiago experience rating
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 5/5
We did not have many expectations for Fort Santiago. We knew it was old, and we knew there was a dungeon. But that was about as far as that went. When we got here, with it still raining lightly, we originally saw the large open grassy area and thought that was all of it, aside from the famous stone gate and moat at the far end.
Honestly, we did not expect to see what we saw on the other side. The story of Intramuros is told behind the gate; the war, the atrocities. It is a heartbreaking tale of the worst of humanity, of breathtaking abuse and quite frankly, madness. We left Fort Santiago sombre and disturbed, yet we felt a connection that outweighed the darkness. Being here left us closer to the Philippines, touched by the resolve and determination to rise up from the ashes. It is inspiring, and a message we hope continues to reach more people. Hopefully you too, and we hope you get to visit!
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